There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one
most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed
the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they
(5) sought through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those
measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated
until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or
veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but
the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
(10) Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites
contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost
always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and
when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made
between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers,
(15) and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment
of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they
often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired
effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor
might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious
(20)activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.
According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually
elaborated at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator
and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely
(25) related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and
gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The origins of theater
(B) The role of ritual in modern dance
(C) The importance of storytelling
(D) The variety of early religious activities

32. The word "they" in line 4 refers to
(A) seasonal changes
(B) natural forces
(C) theories
(D) human beings

33. What aspect of drama does the author discuss in
the first paragraph?
(A) The reason drama is often unpredictable
(B) The seasons in which dramas were performed
(C) The connection between myths and dramatic
plots
(D) The importance of costumes in early drama

34. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as
a common element of theater and ritual?
(A) Dance
(B) Costumes
(C) Music
(D) Magic

35. The word "considerable" in line 15 is closest in
meaning to
(A) thoughtful
(B) substantial
(C) relational
(D) ceremonial

36. The word "enactment" in line 15 is closest in
meaning to
(A) establishment
(B) performance
(C) authorization
(D) season

37. The word "they" in line 16 refers to
(A) mistakes
(B) costumes
(C) animals
(D) performers

38. According to the passage, what is the main
difference between ritual and drama?
(A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does not.
(B) Ritual is shorter than drama.
(C) Ritual requires fewer performers than drama.
(D) Ritual has a religious purpose and drama does
not.

39. The passage supports which of the following
statements?
(A) No one really knows how the theater began.
(B) Myths are no longer represented dramatically.
(C) Storytelling is an important part of dance.
(D) Dramatic activities require the use of costumes.

40. Where in the passage does the author discuss the
separation of the stage and the audience?
(A) Lines 8-9
(B) Lines 12-14
(C) Lines 19-20
(D) Lines 22-24

Questions 41-50

Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when
the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be
demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.
Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interference from
(5) the military had to be stopped.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be
undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to
peacetime conditions: factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.
Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. The national debt
(10) had shot up from a modest $565 million in 1861, the year the war started, to nearly $3
billion in 1865, the year the war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one
that a prudent government could pay. At the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to
less burdensome levels.
Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border
(15) states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with
discouraging slowness.
Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four
million black people who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern
states to be brought back into the Union?
(20) What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One
of these leaders. Jefferson Davis, president of the Southern Confederacy, was the
subject of an insulting popular Northern song, "Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple
Tree." and even children sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell
during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other Southern
(25) leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a
Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned
by President Johnson in1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as
little bitterness as possible.

41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Wartime expenditures
(B) Problems facing the United States after the
war
(C) Methods of repairing the damage caused by
the war
(D) The results of government efforts to revive
the economy

42. The word "Staggering" in line 1 is closest in
meaning to
(A) specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming

43. The word "devastated" in line 3 is closest in
meaning to
(A) developing
(B) ruined
(C) complicated
(D) fragile

44. According to the passage, which of the following
statements about the damage in the South
is correct?
(A) It was worse than in the North.
(B) The cost was less than expected.
(C) It was centered in the border states.
(D) It was remedied rather quickly.

45. The passage refers to all of the following as
necessary steps following the Civil War EXCEPT
(A) helping soldiers readjust
(B) restructuring industry
(C) returning government to normal
(D) increasing taxes

46. The word "task" in line 15 refers to
(A) raising the tax level
(B) sensible financial choices
(C) wise decisions about former slaves
(D) reconstruction of damaged areas

47. Why does the author mention a popular song
in lines 22-23
(A) To give an example of a Northern attitude
towards the South
(B) To illustrate the Northern love of music
(C) To emphasize the cultural differences between
the North and the South
(D) To compare the Northern and Southern
presidents

48. The word "them" in line 26 refers to
(A) charges
(B) leaders
(C) days
(D) irons

49. Which of the following can be inferred from the
phrase "…it was unlikely that a jury from
Virginia, a Southern Confederate state, would
convict them" (lines 25-26)?
(A) Virginians felt betrayed by Jefferson Davis.
(B) A popular song insulted Virginia.
(C) Virginians were loyal to their leaders.
(D) All of the Virginia military leaders had been
put in chains.

50. It can be inferred from the passage that President
Johnson pardoned the Southern leaders in order to
(A) raise money for the North
(B) repair the physical damage in the South
(C) prevent Northern leaders from punishing more
Southerners
(D) help the nation recover from the war

Part 2

Questions 1-13

Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But
plants can move water much higher: the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,
more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the
movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists
(5) hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps. But many experiments
demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move
water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants
have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of
the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall
(10) trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low
root pressures.
If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a
tall tree, then we may ask: How does it get there? According to the currently accepted
cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a
(15) plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from
the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated
water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that
extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension
in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns
(20) of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion
(the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of
water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive
strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.

1. How many theories does the author mention?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four

2. The passage answers which of the following
questions?
(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on
foliage?
(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?
(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?
(D) Why is root pressure weak?

3. The word "demonstrated" in line 6 is closest in
meaning to
(A) ignored
(B) showed
(C) disguised
(D) distinguished

4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 5-7
prove?
(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water.
(B) Cells in plant sterns do not pump water.
(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes.
(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems.

5. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the
only force that moves water in plants?
(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.
(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.
(C) Plants can live after their roots die.
(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to
water in its stem.

6. Which of the following statements does the passage
support?
(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.
(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as
pumps.
(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops
of tall trees.
(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how
water moves in plants.

7. The word "it" in line 12 refer s to
(A) top
(B) tree
(C) water
(D) cohesion-tension theory

8. The word "there" in line 14 refers to
(A) treetops
(B) roots
(C) water columns
(D) tubes

9. What causes the tension that draws water up a
plant?
(A) Humidity
(B) Plant growth
(C) Root pressure
(D) Evaporation

10. The word "extend" in line 18 is closest in meaning
to
(A) stretch
(B) branch
(C) increase
(D) rotate

11. According to the passage, why does water travel
through plants in unbroken columns?

(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.
(B) The attraction between water molecules is
strong.
(C) The living cells of plants push the water
molecules together.
(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.

12. Why does the author mention steel wire in line
22?
(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water
(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building
material
(C) To indicate the size of a column of water
(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in
water

13. Where in the passage does the author give an
example of a plant with low root pressure?
(A) Lines 3-4
(B) Lines 5-7
(C) Lines 10-11
(D) Lines 12-13

Questions 14-22

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in
three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land
uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of
unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter
(5) trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more
distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the
borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of
the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who would afford it could live far
removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and
(10) entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every
major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now
know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new
residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in
outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city
(15) limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities
of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the
Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million
people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of
(20) subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses
underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass
transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by
thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future
land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes,
(25) particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class
inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.
Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded
much faster than population growth.

14. With which of the following subjects is the
passage mainly concerned?
(A) Types of mass transportation
(B) Instability of urban life
(C) How supply and demand determine land use
(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban
expansion

15. The author mentions all of the following as effects
of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT
(A) growth in city area
(B) separation of commercial and residential
districts
(C) changes in life in the inner city
(D) increasing standards of living

16. The word "vast" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) basic
(C) new
(D) urban

17. The word "sparked" in line 11 is closest in
meaning to
(A) brought about
(B) surrounded
(C) sent out
(D) followed

18. Why does the author mention both Boston and
Chicago?
(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects
of growth
(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities
(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass
transportation
(D) To contrast their rates of growth

19. The word "potential" in line 16 is closest in
meaning to
(A) certain
(B) popular
(C) improved
(D) possible

20. The word "many" in line 19 refers to
(A) people
(B) lots
(C) years
(D) developers

21. According to the passage, what was one
disadvantage of residential expansion?
(A) It was expensive.
(B) It happened too slowly.
(C) It was unplanned.
(D) It created a demand for public transportation.

22. The author mentions Chicago in the second
paragraph as an example of a city
(A) that is large
(B) that is used as a model for land development
(C) where land development exceeded population
growth
(D) with an excellent mass transportation system

Key:
Part 1:.ADCDB BDDAB BDBAD DABCD
Part 2. CCBBA DCADA BDCDD AABDB CC